子叶:子乌的叶子-->子乌的日记本，子乌的随想

Take my word for it.(相信我的话。)

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2006年10月19日 11:46 星期四

笔记：名词性从句之连接词

太多高中学习的东西现在已经全部还给老师，现在要用的时候才发现有些理论的东西还是需要巩固，只有把那些看似有点枯燥的东西化作你骨子里的内容，你才能真正将它们应用得如火纯青。废话不多说，笔记开始。

这篇笔记主要说的是引导名词性从句的关联词。

连接词that，whether和if

连词that本身无意义，有时可省略；whether和if本身有意义，均不能省略。that和whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句或者主语从句。whether可以作介词宾语，后面可以接动词不定式，有时可加“or not，or，or no”，而if则不能。whether引导的句子可以放在复合句的句首，而if引导的从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面，引导主语从句时亦不可居于句首。连接宾语从句时，if和whether可以互换。whether后可接不定式，if则不可。whether or no是副词短语，意为“无论如何，必定”，不可说if or no。动词wonder可以接if或whether从句，也可以接that从句。动词doubt（怀疑，不知道）的肯定句接if或whether从句，但否定式don't doubt 和疑问式Do you doubt要接that从句（doubt作“不信”解，表示强烈的不相信时，可接that从句）。这三个连词在句中只起连接作用，不担任句子成分。例如：

That he survived the accident is a miacle.
他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。（主语从句）
Whether(不用If) she comes or not makes no difference.
她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句）
I don't know whether(可用if) he will attend the concert.
我不知道他是否去参加音乐会。(宾语从句)
The problem is (that)we can't get there early enough.
问题是我们不能很早到达那里。（表语从句）
I haven't settled the question of whether(不用if) I'll lend him the money.
我还没有决定是否把钱借给他。（宾语从句）
He didn't know whether(不用if) to get married or to wait.
他不知道是现在结婚，还是等等再说。
I don't doubt that(不用if或whether)he will come soon.
我毫不怀疑他会很快回来。
Whether(不用if) or not she did it, I can't tell.
她是否做了此事，我不知道。

The problem is whether you love her.(right)
The problem is if you love her.(wrong)
Tell him whetheryou need the book. 告诉他你是否需要这本书。（宾语从句，“是否”）
Tell him if you need the book. 如果你需要这本书，就告诉他。（状语从句，“如果”）
I doubt that she will stay there.我不信她会留在那里。（不相信）
I doubt whether she will stay there.我怀疑她是否会留在那里。（怀疑）
I doubt that she is guilty.我不信她有罪。（＝I don't think...）
I doubt whether(if) she is guilty.我不知道她是否有罪。（＝I am not sure...）
I suspect that she is guilty.我怀疑她有罪。（＝I think...）

It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter.(right)(主语从句)
If we are wrong in the matter remains to be seen.(wrong).

Note:

whether和that都可以引导宾语从句，但有所不同。如果宾语从句表示两种可能性居其一时，只能用whether(or not可省)，不可用that。例如：

They doubt whether the news is true or not.
 = I doubt whether or not the news is true.
I wonder whether he knew the manager (or not).

如果宾语从句表示的是一种事实，不带有两种可能的性质，要用that，不用whether。例如：

I do not doubt that she will wait for you.
I asked that she (should) come this evening.
Please see that he does the work well.

比较：

I wonder whether he did it.（我想知道他是否做了那件事。后可加or not）
I wonder that he did it.（他竟然做了那件事，我感到很奇怪。后不用or not）

whether...or有时可引导让步状语从句，这时or不可省。例如：

Whether it rains or snows, I don't care.不管下雨还是下雪，我都不在乎。
(= I don't care, whether...)

比较：

I don't know whether she is well or not.(不知道是否安好)
I don't know whether she is well.(怀疑身体不好)
I don't know whether she is not well.(想来非常不好)

关系代词

引导名词性从句的关系代词有：who 谁（主格），whom 谁（宾格），whose 谁的（所有格），what 什么……的东西，which 哪一个（些）（指人或物），whatever 无论什么，whichever 无论哪一个， whoever 无论谁。

关系代词在句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。例如：

Who will preside at the meeting has not been decided yet. 
(引导主语从句同时作从句的主语)由谁主持回忆还没有决定。
He asked whom I borrowed the money from.
(引导宾语从句同时作从句的宾语)他问我向谁借的钱。
Which team has won the game is not known yet.
(引导主语从句同时作从句的定语)还不知道哪个队赢了这场比赛。
This is what he said to me.
(引导表语从句同时作从句的宾语)这就是他对我说的。

Note:

whatever = no matter what (anything that)

whoever = no matter who (anyone who)

whichever = no matter which (anything which)

既然这些关系代词起着连词和充当句子成分的双重作用，其后不能再用连词。例如

值得做的事就应该做好。
Whatever that is worth doing should be done well.(wrong)
Whatever is worth doing should be done well.(right)

谁得第一名谁得金牌。
The gold medal will be presented to whoever that comes out first.(wrong)
The gold medal will be presented to whoever comes out first.(right)

what有时保留它缘由的疑问意义，表示“什么”，有时作双重关系代词，等于“the thing which(what)”，这时，what前面不能再加that或all。例如：

He asked the pupils what water was composed of.
他问学生们水是由什么组成的。

这幅画使我想起了我曾经在一个湖边看到的景色。
The picture reminded me of what that I had ever seen near a lake.(wrong)
The picture reminede me of what I had ever seen near a lake.(right)
(=the things which)
她所说的是真的。
All what she said is true.(wrong)
What she said is true.(right)
All that she said is true.(right)

比较：

She offered a reward to who would find her lost ring.(wrong)
She offered a reward to whoever would find her lost ring.(right)
Who it is, I don't want to see him.(wrong)
Whoever it is,I don't want to see him.(right)

作不带先行词的关系代词时，只能用whoever，不能用who；因为whoever本身兼有先行词和关系代词（anyone who），若用who，缺少先行词，故不成立，如上例。whoever还可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who，这时也不可用who，如上例。再如：

He will give the book to whomever he likes. 
(whomever作宾语，不可用whoever，who或whom)

what既可以是疑问代词，也可以是关系代词，其区别是：what从句的谓语动词含有怀疑、询问、不肯定的意义时，what为疑问代词；反之，指具体的时间，表示肯定意义时，what就是关系代词。比较：

I don't know what he is writing.
我不知道他在写什么。（疑问代词）
I know what he meant.
我知道他的意思。（关系代词）
What is happing outside is not known.
不知道外面在发生什么事。（疑问代词）
What is happing outside does not concern us.
外面发生的事与我们无关。（关系代词）
What follows is doubtful.
接下来会发生什么还难以预料。（疑问代词）
What follows is satisfactory.
接着发生的事情还是令人满意的。（关系代词）
The question is what she told her son before she died.
问题是她临死前告诉了她儿子什么。（疑问代词）
The decision is what she told her son before she died.
决定就是她临死之前告诉她儿子的。（关系代词）

关系副词

引导名词性从句的关系副词有：

when(=the time when 什么时候，何时)
where(=the place where 什么地方，何地)
how(=the way in which 如何，怎样)
why(=the reason why 为什么)

这些关系副词起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。例如：

When we can begin the expedition is still a question.
（引导主语从句同时作从句的时间状语）我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是个问题。
We didn't know why she didn't come.
（引导宾语从句同时作从句的原因状语）我们不知道她为什么没来。
The question is how we can get the loan.
（引导表语从句同时作从句的方式状语）问题是我们如何才能弄到贷款。

Note:

名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。例如：

他准备怎样做这件事是个谜。
How is he going to do it is a mystery.(wrong)
How he is going to do it is a mystery.(right)
他能否卖到火车票仍然是个问题。
It is still a question whether can he buy a railway ticket.(wrong)
It is still a question whether he can buy a railway ticket.(right)